Modal expressions in Japanese

Total umber of examples

Modals used in both TA and TB

No modal expression in TA

No modal expression in TB

No modals in both TA and TB

Othersa

suru sooda  (hearsay)

3

3

-

-

-

-

nichigainai (“must [be]”)

7

7

-

-

-

-

Kamoshirenai (“may [be]”)

17

17

-

-

-

-

Rashii (“look like, seem, appear”)

19

14

3

1

1

-

Yooda (“look like, seem, appear”)

17

11

3

-

2

-

(shi) sooda (“look like, seem, appear”)

6

2

2

-

1

1

(osoraku/ookata/sazo/kitto) … daroo (“probably/must [be]” … conjectural auxiliary)

102

59

28

3

11

1

ne (sentence final particle)

61

18

7

7

28

1

yo (sentence final particle)

94

30

26

10

28

-

noda (“may [be]”)

469

63

43

42

298

23

wakeda (“may [be]”)

6

1

-

1

-

-